Organized crime - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Organized crime is a category of transnational, national, or local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals and Dominant minority who intend to engage in illegal activity, most commonly for money and profit. Some criminal organizations, such as terrorist groups, are politically motivated. Sometimes criminal organizations force people to do business with them, such as when a gang extorts money from shopkeepers for so- called "protection".[1]Gangs may become disciplined enough to be considered organized. A criminal organization or gang can also be referred to as a mafia, mob, or crime syndicate; the network, subculture and community of criminals may be referred to as the underworld.[2]Other organizations—including states, militaries, police forces, and corporations—may sometimes use organized crime methods to conduct their business, but their powers derive from their status as formal social institutions. There is a tendency to distinguish organized crime from other forms of crimes, such as, white- collar crime, financial crimes, political crimes, war crime, state crimes, and treason.
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- Organized Crime Hackers Are The True Threat To American Infrastructure. The. two particularly nasty pieces of crimeware have emerged from the hacking.
- Organized crime syndicates are after gobs of money. Though credit cards continue to be a source of revenue for organized crime syndicates.
- The New Mafia: Battling Hackers Like Organized Crime Recruiting and researching the hacker community could boost cybersecurity. Law enforcement agencies.
- Organized crime is a category of transnational. jewelery theft, computer hacking, credit card fraud, economic espionage, embezzlement, identity theft.
- Furthermore, Hacking is cheaper than ever: before the cloud computing era, in order to spam or scam one needed a dedicated server. Organized crime; Penetration test.
This distinction is not always apparent and the academic debate is ongoing.[3] For example, in failed states that can no longer perform basic functions such as education, security, or governance, usually due to fractious violence or extreme poverty, organised crime, governance and war are often complementary to each other. The term Parliamentary Mafiocracy has been used to describe democratic countries whose political, social and economic institutions are under the control of a few families and business oligarchs.[4]In the United States, the Organized Crime Control Act (1.
The unlawful activities of [..] a highly organized, disciplined association [..]".[5] Criminal activity as a structured group is referred to as racketeering. In the UK, police estimate organized crime involves up to 3. In addition, due to the escalating violence of Mexico's drug war, the Mexican drug cartels are considered the "greatest organized crime threat to the United States" according to a report issued by the United States Department of Justice.[7]Organizational[edit]Patron- client networks[edit]Patron- client networks are defined by the fluid interactions they produced crime groups operate as smaller units within the overall network, and as such tend towards valuing significant others, familiarity of social and economic environments, or tradition. These networks are usually composed of: Hierarchies based on 'naturally' forming family, social and cultural traditions; 'Tight- knit' locus of activity/labor; Fraternal or nepotistic value systems; Personalized activity; including family rivalries, territorial disputes, recruitment and training of family members, etc.; Entrenched belief systems, reliance of tradition (including religion, family values, cultural expectations, class politics, gender roles, etc.); and,Communication and rule enforcement mechanisms dependent on organizational structure, social etiquette, history of criminal involvement, and collective decision- making.[8][9][1. Bureaucratic/corporate operations[edit]Bureaucratic/corporate organized crime groups are defined by the general rigidity of their internal structures.
Focusing more on how the operations works, succeeds, sustains itself or avoids retribution, they are generally typified by: A complex authority structure; An extensive division of labor between classes within the organization; Meritocratic (as opposed to cultural or social attributes); Responsibilities carried out in an impersonal manner; Extensive written rules/regulations (as opposed to cultural praxis dictating action); and,'Top- down' communication and rule enforcement mechanisms. However, this model of operation has some flaws: The 'top- down' communication strategy is susceptible to interception, more so further down the hierarchy being communicated to; Maintaining written records jeopardizes the security of the organization and relies on increased security measures; Infiltration at lower levels in the hierarchy can jeopardize the entire organization (a 'house of cards' effect); and,Death, injury, incarceration or internal power struggles dramatically heighten the insecurity of operations. While bureaucratic operations emphasize business processes and strongly authoritarian hierarchies, these are based on enforcing power relationships rather than an overlying aim of protectionism, sustainability or growth.[1. Youth and street gangs[edit]A distinctive gang culture underpins many, but not all, organized groups; [1.
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The term “street gang” is commonly used interchangeably with “youth gang,” referring to neighborhood or street- based youth groups that meet “gang” criteria. Miller (1. 99. 2) defines a street gang as “a self- formed association of peers, united by mutual interests, with identifiable leadership and internal organization, who act collectively or as individuals to achieve specific purposes, including the conduct of illegal activity and control of a particular territory, facility, or enterprise."[1. Zones of transition" are deteriorating neighborhoods with shifting populations.[2. In such areas, conflict between groups, fighting, "turf wars", and theft promote solidarity and cohesion.[2. Cohen (1. 95. 5): working class teenagers joined gangs due to frustration of inability to achieve status and goals of the middle class; Cloward and Ohlin (1.
Spergel (1. 96. 6) was one of the first criminologists to focus on evidence- based practice rather than intuition into gang life and culture. Klein (1. 97. 1) like Spergel studied the effects on members of social workers’ interventions.
More interventions actually lead to greater gang participation and solidarity and bonds between members. Downes and Rock (1. Parker’s analysis: strain theory applies, labeling theory (from experience with police and courts), control theory (involvement in trouble from early childhood and the eventual decision that the costs outweigh the benefits) and conflict theories. No ethnic group is more disposed to gang involvement than another, rather it is the status of being marginalized, alienated or rejected that makes some groups more vulnerable to gang formation,[2. These may also be defined by age (typically youth) or peer group influences,[2. These groups also form their own symbolic identity or public representation which are recognizable by the community at large (include colors, symbols, patches, flags and tattoos).
Research has focused on whether the gangs have formal structures, clear hierarchies and leadership in comparison with adult groups, and whether they are rational in pursuit of their goals, though positions on structures, hierarchies and defined roles are conflicting. Some studied street gangs involved in drug dealing - finding that their structure and behavior had a degree of organizational rationality.[2. Members saw themselves as organized criminals; gangs were formal- rational organizations,[3. Strong organizational structures, well defined roles and rules that guided members’ behavior.
Also a specified and regular means of income (i. Padilla (1. 99. 2) agreed with the two above. However some have found these to be loose rather than well- defined and lacking persistent focus, there was relatively low cohesion, few shared goals and little organizational structure.[2.
Shared norms, value and loyalties were low, structures "chaotic", little role differentiation or clear distribution of labor. Similarly, the use of violence does not conform to the principles behind protection rackets, political intimidation and drug trafficking activities employed by those adult groups. In many cases gang members graduate from youth gangs to highly developed OC groups, with some already in contact with such syndicates and through this we see a greater propensity for imitation.
Gangs and traditional criminal organizations cannot be universally linked (Decker, 1. In terms of structure, no single crime group is archetypal, though in most cases there are well- defined patterns of vertical integration (where criminal groups attempt to control the supply and demand), as is the case in arms, sex and drug trafficking. Individual difference[edit]Entrepreneurial[edit]The entrepreneurial model looks at either the individual criminal, or a smaller group of organized criminals, that capitalize off the more fluid 'group- association' of contemporary organized crime.[3. This model conforms to social learning theory or differential association in that there are clear associations and interaction between criminals where knowledge may be shared, or values enforced, however it is argued that rational choice is not represented in this. The choice to commit a certain act, or associate with other organized crime groups, may be seen as much more of an entrepreneurial decision - contributing to the continuation of a criminal enterprise, by maximizing those aspects that protect or support their own individual gain. In this context, the role of risk is also easily understandable,[3.
The criminal organization, much in the same way as one would assess pleasure and pain, weighs such factors as legal, social and economic risk to determine potential profit and loss from certain criminal activities. This decision- making process rises from the entrepreneurial efforts of the group's members, their motivations and the environments in which they work. Opportunism is also a key factor – the organized criminal or criminal group is likely to frequently reorder the criminal associations they maintain, the types of crimes they perpetrate, and how they function in the public arena (recruitment, reputation, etc.) in order to ensure efficiency, capitalization and protection of their interests.[3. Multimodel approach[edit]Culture and ethnicity provide an environment where trust and communication between criminals can be efficient and secure.
Cyber expert: Organized crime turning to hacking, online extortion. The hacking attack of Sony Pictures was just a dry run of what cyber experts expect in the next wave of corporate Internet invasions. Former Rep. Mike Rogers, who chaired the House Select Committee on Intelligence before retiring last year, is warning that the mob is moving into hacking with extortion plans. I think what you will find is that you will get international organized crime groups ramping up their extortion game, where I go in, I steal your intellectual property and you can get it back for a price,” he said. But unlike the surprise of the Sony hack, Rogers is going public with the pending cyber threat and others facing Americans, companies and the government. He’s been hired as a CNN cyberexpert and given a daily slot on hundreds of stations owned by Cumulus Media.
His radio show is titled "Something to Think About with Mike Rogers."More from the Washington Examiner. A top Arizona political leader wants to provide tax break for those applying for a concealed carry permit for guns.•0.
PM“I think people will listen to that,” the former Michigan Republican said. He said Cumulus came to him because he’s recognized as a thoughtful cyber expert. And he chose CNN over other cables like Fox because “It was just a more natural fit for me because they have such an international presence.
Paul Bedard, the Washington Examiner's "Washington Secrets" columnist, can be contacted at pbedard@washingtonexaminer. Top Story. Republican front- runner Donald Trump said Monday he "probably" will not appear in the upcoming GOP presidential debate in Des Moines.•0.